President Obama has proposed that we make community college ‘free’. Leaving aside the obvious, inviolable, but apparently unmentionable truth that no public service is ‘free’ (and passing up as well the opportunity to razz the President for his cockamamie scheme, since ridiculed out of existence, to start taxing college-saving plans to help foot the bill), the question remains: is this something we even want?
Lots of people have been pointing out for a long time now a pernicious symptom of our social decline: the stigmatization of necessary, honest, trade-work and unskilled labor, and of those who do it. Instead we have promoted an absurd and destructive fantasy: that everyone is suited for, would benefit from, and is thus entitled to, higher education.
I call this ‘pernicious’ because it destroys the essential quality of an organic society: the fitting of all members of that society to roles that they may occupy naturally, productively, and in harmony with their individual aptitudes and affinities. The usurpation and disruption of this harmonious process flows from the chief feature of modern liberal pathology: the rejection of all innate human differences in service of a grotesquely artificial ideology of soulless (and insincere) egalitarianism and radical non-discrimination.
By falsely assuming that all people are interchangeable social particles, identical but for the effects of acculturation, the fact that a great many people — at least half — do poorly at academic work, and have no inclination for it, can only be understood as the result of “social injustice”. The remediation of this injustice thereby becomes a moral and political imperative, while public dedication to the Cause becomes a splendid mark of righteousness, both individual and collective.
This has at least two harmful effects. First, it diminishes respect for, and the dignity of, the necessary, non-academic work without which society would collapse in short order. Second, it forces people who might find real purpose and fulfillment in such work into situations where they are almost certain to fail. In this way it destroys both happiness and essential social infrastructure.
John Derbyshire and Megan McArdle have both written good articles about this recently (in fact it was Derb’s article that led me to Ms. McArdle’s).
From the McArdle essay:
If you graduated high school without mastering basic math and reading, and can’t complete the remedial courses offered by your community college, what are the odds that you are going to earn a valuable degree? Why are we so obsessed with pushing that group further into the higher education system, rather than asking if we aren’t putting too much emphasis on getting a degree?
Asking that question usually raises accusations of elitism, of dividing society into the worthy few and the many Morlocks who aren’t good enough for college. I would argue instead that what’s elitist is our current fixation on college. It starts from the supposition that being good at school is some sort of great personal virtue, so that any suggestion that many people aren’t good at school must mean that those people are not equal and valuable members of society. And that supposition is triple-distilled balderdash.
From Derb’s:
Great numbers of citizens, including many intelligent ones, have zero appetite for book-learning. The working-class kids I grew up among in England mostly could not wait to get out of school””to have a job, to earn money, to be independent. The raising of the school leaving age from 15 to 16 was greeted with groans of dismay by millions of youngsters. One lad who missed the bullet told sociologist Eva Bene, quoted in Kynaston’s Modernity Britain, that: “It is not fair; we left at 15, so the others should be able to.’
In today’s far more overeducated U.S.A. there are similar resentments. Three years ago I reviewed In the Basement of the Ivory Tower. The anonymous author had taught evening classes in creative writing at a community college. His students were working people who would much rather have spent their evenings some other way, but who needed a credential in creative writing to advance in their careers, or even to get a starter job.
They have no truck at all with books or any sort of intellectual commerce. They don’t go anywhere where there are books, not even the college library . . . They’re just trying to get to a place where they can make a buck. I find myself viewing the study of literature as one more indignity visited upon the proletariat, like too-frequent traffic stops and shoes with plastic uppers and payday loans.
For these citizens, college is book hell; and as I commented in my review:
The wretched souls being tormented in that hell belong to the most oppressed, persecuted, and disadvantaged segment of our population: the un-bookish. Somehow we have arrived in the 21st century with a ruling class so bereft of imagination they cannot conceive that anyone would wish to be less educated than themselves.
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Malcolm, someone recently remarked that you came from a comfortable background. That means that you were well educated and able to fulfill your potential, or not. You had opportunity and choice. For those who don’t, it is not always true that they do not have the capability but no one can escape their background. Even me, also from a comfortable home where there were some expectations of academic success, that is, you will go to university. I have to say that the rest of the family (my siblings) managed to get where they did much more easily and convincingly than me, but still I did do what was required of me. I was, and still am aware that as an average brain, I was in a much better position to make the grade than someone from a poor background with no advantages, not a book in the house, and an imperative to get out and make some money, doing anything. Also, a contempt for book learning because people knew their place.
So that is my latest problem with your erudite musings. For sure, there are some who are not academic and would do well in a trade but these days those jobs don’t exist to the same extent. Young people have nothing to do, and very poor prospects and when they watch their rich contemporaries finding a useful role in society despite the fact that they are also intellectually challenged, it does cause resentment. When there is no way to live in harmony with your aptitude and abilities because there is nothing for you to usefully do, it changes everything.
I was reading yesterday about Stuart Broad, an English public school (in the English sense) educated man telling those on minimum wage to “stay humble”. As a not very PC person, someone who thinks that you can say what you like, as long as it’s not out and out hateful, I was surprised by how annoying I found his remark. I’m sorry to say that his tweet chimes with this post.
There is also the industry of “Big College” to consider too. Students who may or may not be college material must be made to feel like they are doomed without that degree. Even if the student has to take on debt to attend, this is a noble problem, and one that can be helped with subsidies. Enough subsidies and colleges will continue to increase tuitions as there is the unlimited source of funding. Colleges do their bit by indoctrinating and teaching “sensitivity” as a discipline instead of traditional “liberal inquiry”. This “education” feeds Leftist narratives and has a newly created well of young people to draw from. After a while, so many better educated but underemployed young people make for breeding grounds of what ever cultural aberration the Left wants to sell to a traditional society.
Not too far into this post Musey, something my late Dad used to say occurred to me which, I had an impulse to oh, “bring up-to-date” I suppose. Though I’ll admit my modernizing doesn’t quite have that zing.
Updated to, ‘If you like the current Education System, you’ll love the extended neoteny of “free” community college.’
______________
Their rich “contemporaries”? Perhaps contemporaries but only actually in the sense of *being in the same timeframe/reference* … I’m not really too sure about how much mixing goes on where you are but here, not so much .. in a “real” sense anyway.
And as you point out, those in the first cohort, “also intellectually challenged” despite the *advantage* of being rich, those so advantaged aren’t likely to be aiming/*destined* to be performing the same sorts of societal roles anyway. (For instance you’re unlikely to find in another decade or so, Obama’s daughters working the oil-change pits down at the neighborhood automobile dealership and you’re equally unlikely to find Joe the Plumber’s kids aiming for a spot on (whoever the President might be) the National Security Council.)
Not that quite a number in the latter cohort might be just as, if not more adept, than the silly nitwits “serving” currently.
But make community college “free” – by the hands of the pols – and pretty soon, optional attendance will become mandatory. (I actually suspect this idea sprouts from a variation on *National Service* to keep young adults occupied.)
I see I’m about to go rambly so I’ll end with – if Community College does become ‘free’ then we’ll truly see resentment.
Musey writes of “a contempt for book learning because people knew their place.”
Being in a ‘humble place’ on the social scale has not always been associated with a contempt for book learning.
There was, at least until the outbreak of World War One, a strong tradition of self education among the working classes in British society. That tradition has virtually disappeared now. I guess that most people existing on the minimum wage nowadays, would be perplexed by the commonplace that knowledge is power.
Hi Musey,
Forgive me, but I’m afraid you haven’t understood me correctly.
I share your feeling about Stuart Broad’s remark. What it expresses is similar, though not identical, to the American elitist attitude that both Derb and McArdle criticize in their articles. (Did you read them?)
Where the two views differ is that Broad apparently wants those not in the university-educated classes to know their place, and ‘humbly’ keep to it, while the attitude of people like our president is that, given ‘free’ higher education, such people can make something ‘better’ of themselves.
What both views share, though, is unvarnished contempt for the things that non-‘bookish’ people do: building our houses, fixing our plumbing, our roads, our electrical system, our sewers and water mains, our cars and trucks, keeping the railroads moving, growing our food, stocking our supermarkets, policing our streets, and so on. But there is nothing ‘humble’ about any of these things. They are vitally important (and non-outsourceable) jobs without which our world would very quickly fall apart (whereas I think we could somehow muddle along for days, or even weeks, if every last one of our Queer Studies and Critical Theory associate-professors were suddenly to be raptured into the afterlife). To imagine that there is, somehow, less dignity in being a farmer, a mechanic, or a carpenter than a mid-level bureaucrat with a degree in Diversity Management is a reprehensible and destructive conceit, and it is this stigmatization of these necessary roles — to which a great many people are, thankfully, far more naturally suited than to academic pursuits — that I, and the linked authors, are objecting to.
As for my own background: although I did come from a middle-class family, and was never poor (my father was a scientist, and my mother took a Ph.D. in physical anthropology when I was a boy, though she never began a professional career as one) I am a high-school dropout who never went to college at all, and I began my adult life as a laborer on the railroad. (It’s a long story.) As far as “higher learning” goes, I am entirely self-educated. The point — which Ms. McArdle makes — is that those who want higher education can get it. Assuming, however, that everyone should want it, and stigmatizing those who do not, is a moral and social error.
JK,
“Extended neoteny”. Well put. I couldn’t agree more.
Rhys,
This tradition is of long standing in America as well, and likewise almost gone. During Tocqueville’s travels in America in the 1830s, he was impressed everywhere he went by how knowledgeable even the most ordinary Americans were.
Whitewall – good points all.
If I recall correctly, Edward Banfield observed that schools in the 1920s delivered the equivalent of a Community College education in 8 years.
Jerry Pournelle reprinted the 1914 California 6th Grade Reader on Amazon recently, and based on what’s there, I’d have to agree with Banfield.
Eric?
Your comment put me in mind of something I was afraid I’d have to go through numerous flashdrives to find. Just so to properly cite mind. Nowadays I suspect only a (and then mostly of the retired sort) Sailor might be able to answer.
“A ship going from England to Manilla by way of the Suez Canal would pass through (perhaps) the English Channel, the North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay (possibly), Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden/Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Thailand (may have been called Gulf of Siam at that time), South China Sea.”
________
That from a 1912 Geography test. In 1912 Kentucky.
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/no-youre-probably-not-smarter-than-a-1912-era-8th-grader-19949041/
Now there’s a word you don’t see every day: ‘kalsomining’.
Thanks for the links.
In these straitened times how many road builders, house-builders plumbers, electricians and skilled tradesmen do we need? Only a stuck-up idiot would suggest that there is no dignity in a job just because you don’t have to be a genius to do it. It doesn’t change the fact that there are not enough jobs to go round.
I know your history and having assiduously read your blog, for some time now, I’m suitably impressed by your super-brilliance. You say that you are a high school drop-out but clearly that was your decision. You could have done anything, I’m sure.
I agree with your view that aiming to send everybody in to higher education is stupid, the consequence of all this increased participation is that a degree is pretty worthless. These days, only a PhD will cut it.
I was once asked by a young, fresh graduate what class of degree I achieved and the young man in question was openly contemptuous of my lowly 2(ii) because he “got a 2(i)”. For those unfamiliar with English grading his degree trumps mine. I did point out that in my day only about five percent went on to university but he was unconvinced. He was a nice boy and when I left he wrote on my card. Obviously, I can’t exactly recall what he wrote but it went something like this:
Hey Musey,
Thanx for everthing. Your a good boss and i will all ways be greatful. Your a lucky sod going to Oz. Can I come in you’re suitcase.
Cheeeeeeeeers.
Malcolm, I forgot to say that I will do my reading homework later.
Also, I should mention that Pete, the card writer was a particularly awful writer and not representative of the majority. Despite his degree he was kept in a fairly mundane position and he had no hope of promotion. He was such a liability that he was ordered never to send any report, or even an email out, without having someone check it.
Musey,
They’re always needed. Things are never going to stop breaking down and needing fixing. And when things get tough, those will be the last jobs to go. (We’re going to need carpenters and mechanics and electricians long after we stop needing interpretive-dance majors and social-media managers). And you can’t send these jobs off to Bangalore to have somebody do them over a wire.
That said, yes, automation is going to kill a lot of jobs. But AI and expert systems are going to kill a lot of the kinds of low- and mid-level jobs you get with a community-college degree, too. And when things really hit the fan, in 15-25 years (just you wait and see!), and this whole house of cards starts to fall about our ears, people who know how to build things and fix things will be very much appreciated.
I couldn’t agree more. Hopefully those people, who have far too much power and influence at the moment, will be the first to go.
Not so bad! Top quintile among community-college freshmen these days, I’d reckon.
When I lived in West Germany in the early 90s, apprenticeship programs were highly valued as as way to train young people for good jobs upon leaving school and entering the workplace. Some adaptation of this model and/or expanded vocational training programs could provide a helpful interface between the educational system, local businesses and even large corporations.
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/10/why-germany-is-so-much-better-at-training-its-workers/381550/
Improving K-12 schooling still rests as crucial, whether young people pursue higher education or opt for some sort of trade, because even working in fast food and retail isn’t for the simple-minded. Excellent math and reading skills prove advantageous in almost every job.
We’ve got a very fluid society, with ample opportunity for even the poorest members to access higher education, through grants and a wide array of financial assistance. From working with many young people, from very poor backgrounds, over the years, it’s not a lack of things available to poor youths that stymies success – it’s absence of a work ethic, attendance problems, expecting instantaneous advancement, and an unwillingness to put the cell phone down for 8 hours a day. All of these failures, I attribute to parental failure at social training. No government program can fix that.
Quite so, libertybelle. And low time-preference, with nobody to make them resist it. And a massive influx of barely educable students from elsewhere. Etc.
#1 “Should be/might be” obvious Musey. Depends on “ones *obvious* station” I reckon. (Reckon who, Barack or Michelle plunges the White House “head” as I’m pretty sure, and me as an electrician knows it will be required, does it?
A Secret Serviceperson? I doubt it.)
There are actually many positions “shovel-ready” but *Our Guys In DC* don’t really have a clue. The focus at present is shifting focus. Meaning politically, it’s “a hot potato” but so long as the pols’ yard care is addressed … you’ll Musey I’m pretty sure miss what I’m saying;
So long as the pols maintain the F-35.
#2 ‘Nuff said.
#3
JK, I don’t miss what you’re saying. There are always people who have to do the nasty jobs, and anyway, I clean my own “head”.
Libertybelle isn’t wrong, neither is Malcolm, who am I to argue? But, there is always a but: clever, poor kids can be left stranded. Which is why I have a deeply conservative view of the grammar school (which is a selective system, now largely gone from the UK) because it was elitist, and it made children, at the tender age of eleven, feel inadequate. That is stupid, because most kids who failed didn’t care, and anyway, the whole grammar school edifice was upheld by middle class parents who had a plan B if their kids didn’t make the grade. What it did is give clever children from poor families, a fighting chance.
I did my homework and read the two essays. I don’t find anything to disagree with but, there is always a but, how far do we hold children responsible for their parents deficiencies? I truly believe that the grammar school system overcame that, but of course, by it’s nature, it was never going to rescue everybody.
Abraham Lincoln, arguably the most brilliantly accomplished President in our history, benefited greatly from his Harvard education.
Oh, wait … I was thinking of JFK. Lincoln had no more than one-year’s worth of formal schooling — total. All the rest of his knowledge came from reading (devouring?) books.
Prepare thyself Henry. The sun is rising o’er Musey’s latitude.
A “But” will be wafting your way.
JK?
Please tell me you really meant a single “t” “but”. A double “t” wafting my way would scare the sh*t out of me, if you catch my “drift” (wafting your way).
But. The Abraham Lincoln’s of this world will always succeed. My concern is for the people on the next tier down who have unrealised potential, and little opportunity. Not too many can do it for themselves, without any guidance or encouragement.
Never mind, JK, I knew exactly what you meant and I hate to disappoint.
Musey, “Hey Musey,
Thanx for everthing. Your a good boss and i will all ways be greatful. Your a lucky sod going to Oz. Can I come in you’re suitcase.
Cheeeeeeeeers”. That really struck a note here in the Whitewall castle! I had to show it to the Mrs. as she was tormented by educated kids like your co worker for many years. They had the “higher degree”, but nowhere near the experience and most of all, the intelligence, which advanced degrees don’t necessarily equate to. She chuckled deeply and reiterated how glad she is to be retired.
Whitewall, It’s pleasing to know that Pete’s message resonated with your wife. The boy in question had a BSc (hons) in Chemistry from one of the “new” universities and, to be fair, he was reasonably knowledgeable in his own field. Even so, it beggars belief that a semi-literate kid could achieve a 2(i). I think he had a lot of help with his course work and assignments, which meant that he didn’t have to worry too much about the final exams.
But Musey,
By the “Abraham Lincoln’s of this world” I presume you mean those people who weren’t lucky enough to be born with a silver spoon in their mouth, but had enough self-actualization and drive to realize their full potential.
In any case, why are you only concerned for the people on the next tier down? What about the folks who are two tiers down?
And who is going to determine which unfortunates belong in “Lincoln’s” tier and those in the lower tiers? Santa Clause? Nancy Pelosi? The chickenshit choom gang?
Have you given any thought to what happens when we run out of other people’s money?
No Henry, I don’t mean those who didn’t have silver spoons, I referred to those of exceptional ability and, by definition, they are few and far between. Whether we go one or two tiers down is obviously not quantifiable, it’s just a concept, which maybe could be clarified by looking at IQ. Maybe I should have said, those with IQs in the super human range will prevail but others, beneath that level even though they may be very gifted, still need some help.
I don’t know the system in the USA, but when I was growing up, the grammar school system was coming under attack. The reasons were many, and one of the main criticisms is that, in the main, the grammar school served the middle class community. Those parents whose children missed out, always had a plan B. Of course, the other criticism is that deciding a child’s fate at age eleven is not fair.
It doesn’t change the fact, that clever children from poor families did pass the entrance exam. I would say that twenty percent of the intake was from less well-off backgrounds. That opportunity no longer exists in the UK, which is a shame, because it didn’t cost any money.
Here in Australia, there is a selective school system, funded by the tax-payer.Most of these schools are attended by the offspring of the Chinese community because they top the entry exam. James Ruse High School which has topped the state of NSW for several years has almost ninety percent of it’s pupils, of Chinese origin.
Recently, North Sydney Boys selective school proposed that there should be a slightly lower pass mark for the white dullards, pointing out that they were unable to get in to their local school, pushed out by children, who lived miles away. That idea was rejected by the powers that be, even though the predominance of a certain ethnic group meant that the school was not competitive on the sports field!
One of my sons is very un-PC. He used to drive past North Sydney Boys every day. Man, am I in Hong Kong, or what? I’m not agreeing with him, but that kind of feeling is commonplace and for those few non-Chinese whose children do make the grade there is some hesitation about putting their children into a school where they will be in the minority. They choose to pay.
Musey,
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[/img]